The URL can be used to link to this page

Home My WebLink About10/27/2009 Council Presentation - Marana Hertiage ProjectDEFINING HERITAGE Hcritabe is our irt~reriraf7ce from the past. Arid; it has the po«-er to greatly influence our success in the future • your liic stork:%.au~ubie~grsphy =chapters for the future • ~-our genetic code%blueprint roadmop tc~ the future • your accunwlated wealth min~~estment i~~ the fuhiee DEFINING HERITAGE Iicrita~e can super-charge 1~~l~lrma's ceonomv. build ~`~:~~` a~mmunity pride and fuel positive gro~~~ th. • cultural touris« ~pcr~<l inorr than ~~thcrs (5(~Zi vs. 5=~~7 pcT ~i;it) • tourivm Iri<a~~. billion rcunt~mic impactor ~hc iuc«m r~:~rion annually • in ?(I~)?, tl~c luuri~m inclu;UV a~ntrihotc~l S 19.E billion t„ Arizona • tip~:ndinr~ h~ tourists in Ari~una Juru~~ "_'OU? rcn~aitcd 1?I,SUU trncl iudu~strv~ jr~hs j ~F ~ ~ ~ ~ ',.>~ .. DEFINING HERITAGE Heritage is the stoi~~ of a community's bc~~innin~~s and successful evolution ewer time, including evci-ythitlg lhaf ha, shaped the town"s ~~ersonality and a~~proach to the future includin~~: • culun~al a.;ert,: rc:<wrcrs_ silo, cccnta. Irscliti~~ns , hdicfs. traditi~~n~. ~I~>ries. 1 ircl ihuo~l; • natur;~l a~.;rts: rc~,uurcca, sites, plaint poC~ulations, ~iildliic, ~~co~~raphy- I.~ndsoap~s DEFINING HERITAGE A successful llcrit<rge pro`~raln l~rc~vicles real acec~~ to ~ V y~.;~. corlununity and inspires people to f~rrcurrr~~ part nJ~thc~ cujnmr~iui}~ at some lwel. for some. period of time. ~~ ~.. • inrc~Prct cn~~u~h historic interpretation and data • reveal the aunmunity ~ ch_~rader • cun~-ey its }~isauy and place ~s~ithin a l~u,,cr eunte.vt • a~imnunic~3te }~wr,~pprouch t~~ ~hc fiuurc ww. r IDENTIFYING HERITAGE ; Our unique process identities y~~ur community°~s .~ x~ character and context from its inception to today. • Character: 1ltirauas tr,~its, streogil~s, a.,pira[ion;. structure; and p~~tta~ns • Cr,ntcxt: ;~-1ar<uia~s larger ~c~~graphic relevance; ~~~r~y it is uniyuc a IDENTIFYING HERITAGE ~ 11~~c then align your cl~aractcr and context ~~ith Yuarkct -~ ~°~ factors and eu~c,r:ring trends so that your comnuinity cars im~~lcmcnt ~~ ~x~~wcrful herita~c }~ro~ram. • C~_au~rcti~n~: b1anula~s ahili(vr~l~~5irc to in~~~c to the nc,ci lc~rl and tip iulu tt I~r~'cr rolr h~iscd ~w ~~ h~~ t'cru arc ^n~l huw the ~~.~rid i~ c~c~lciir; 4 ~ `_ MARANA'S HERITAGE Hcrc s what we'~-c learned. Marano is ;i ruril cnmmwiit~~ with r~xx in_,~lmcric_ui tV'~stun hcrit~igc Ih~it siU cm ;~ ~-ilal and tictiac ~radr ru~~tc hctl~accu I'hocoiz and ~ru~~~ui. 1, such, it is o prus~ressivc niri~ cumnninifv Thal is chic adopt ripidlti to chan~~~: alun~a the a~rrid~~r of influcnc~~. MARANA'S HERITAGE I~Iarana is a n~ral ~o~l~nnmity surrounded h_v si~nifieant tracts of protected, o~~en and public land. • Irun~wrxul Natirniul ylonunicnt. Picuchu f'cak Stile P;n~k, ~forwlita iA-lountain Park ,ind Saeuaro 'rational \1umm~au • Open ;pace enlurgc~ it; :Pil~re of inl7urnce; retain. its rural tcc•l • ~~'lurana~s population. size and p~~pulatiun density, qualil~ it as a rural a~mmunity • ;~4ar;~na'; snr,~l~-to~~n ~itti(udr eouvey, `~clieru neighbors hno~~ neighbors MARANA'S HERITAGE Marana has deep roots in the American Westenl heritage • f~rmcrs employ sustainahlc principlrs_ planning and uuriurim~ thc• scale l~uul ibr rcncritions in harnumy ~~~ith nature • ranchers. acward; of the land. maintain open space ~~,ith rc:pcct • miners arc couraeeuu;, value hard w~~rk. inta'depulcfenc}. in~~enuity. dccisivaio», with an a«~urencs> cif the iinitc na(ur< t~f th~• mine • miners, ranchers and iarmcrs seize oppur[unitics as thcv critic, and ahxndon of fi~ris that don t p<~y oil • I ln~~-rittcn code cif the A~1'cst: hard}~ pionecTS ~~~eTr bound by hospitality. f~~ir play. loyalty, and respect tier the land MARANA'S HERITAGE Marina sits on a vit~~l trade route that has inilucnced prooress and shared kno~~-ledge along ids open corridor for over =}20l_) years. • ~hr S~~o~~ran Dc;crt firmer inl]ucncecl each ~~Ui~-r~n ~~~a~ ol~lilcu: Iona ac~~ :u''?rlli 13C • the"irinchcra~ <md l lohnknm ,hared cultural and commcrci~il kno~~~led~~c in tiull ;\ll • thi~, r~~utc continue; the c>;chan~c ui~ ideas and knowlaiec, which h;3~ made the rcrion pru~r~asicc and ~x~~s~~crous; Canamcz Corridor ?~ ~x;.~. 4~. ~_ MARANA'S HERITAGE Marina has a very unique vantage point ou thr vital trade ~. route bch~~ccn `Tucson and ['hoeniY, Arizona's two dense urban centers. • from this supcrinr ~~pnreh position ~~ Mor~n^ can ohs~rvr what ~tru'k: and what d~~c,n~1 • ylarana can uil.c ud~anta~~c of ~~hat~s utcninr? it~~ wv~~~ in lenn> of ~,o.,ds, pcuPl~,, idc<u .3od trcnd~ • this position hay made A~larana x ~~r~,~*retisive con~nnmit}~. ;able to ~adaipi iu the I~~3ce ot~ rajiid change MARANA'S HERITAGE POTENTIAL Here's tivhat the Marana Heritage. Project has already compl ete~j ... . • cultural and natural ass~~f invcntorv • stukch~aldcr powcr['oint prc~entatiun • loge and id~ntit~ packau • multi-puip~~~,~ packet far fuudraisine and public r~lttlion~ • ~nu1 histories • charicier brurhurc • cultural hcri~agc h~_~oklet with roap and inicrprct~ition MARANA'S HERITAGE POTENTIAL ~'UtUI'C ])~at1S ll1C~UCjC: • a huh r,r }kart: !~1wuiw I Icrit~is!c Ri~a~ Park • ~~I~~ccincnl ~~f iulerprcl.ui~_ntsi~na~~c fur herilar ;ii~cis ~u~ " pnulucts throu~~h.~ut the a~mmunilc Keith c~~nnrcti~m t~~ the hub ~~r ccntcr • mark~tin_ pro_~rjm »ith ~ii~tincti~c i~cn~ite .Intl pn~m~~tinrc~I 1~>nl< • cdueati~m~Il prr~~~r~m ~~ci[h Icarriin~~ tt~urs, kiosk.; rind ruericulun~ ~ -~ ~k'. .. _. J. '^r+ ~ r 1 ..i .'1 . r^ [ ...~ .tit ;~ WHERE OLD TRACKS BREAK NEW TRAILS The Marana Heritage Project speaks • to what early explorers couldn't have imagined. • Marina's heritage would one day be worth more than its miles. Our future would be richer and better thanks to Martini's knack for turning unexpected challenges into opportunities. Marina sits along a trade route that's been picking up speed for more than 4,000 years. Long before the • Juan Bautista de Anza Expedition stopped here along the Santa Cruz River, arrowheads, pottery and corn were moving along this trail. Horses, wagons and then the Butterfield Stage moved folks this way faster. When the railroad pushed full steam ahead, a dense mesquite tangle a Marina halted track-laying. Suddenly our community had a name. Folks came from all over. Each had their own ways and spoke their own tongues, but they all shared a vision of what Marina could be. They ventured beyond known tracks and broke new trails. They made this wild, open, beautiful country home. They brought little with them-respect for the land, strong faith, love of family and willingness to work. They built a town where neighbors help neighbors and dunk nothing of it. Now, plenty of towns can claim a river, but our river is a maverick. It stretches out and reaches into the soil, just looking to make grasses, cotton and anything else grow Marina has fertile land as far as you can see, mountains full of ore and sun all year long. You add independent-minded people who cherish open space and you've got a heritage like no other. The country, not just the West, needs a Marina: a place near cities but not in them, a place where you can breathe and get some perspective, a place with the foresight to see its heritage as an ever-renewing source of inspiration and guidance for the future. The Martina Heritage Project shows the world our Marina-how a pioneering spirit shaped its growth, and what our heritage can mean to us, our neighboring communities and the greater world beyond. Marina's heritage matters. There's a fine tangle of reasons why. ~~ r 4 A ~ ~ ,~ ,. r ' Y., S°:' rte; ,~' 9 1 , f+ ~~+~ x ~41~ 44~" r ~ pp ' a°• ~ tj ~ '°~ s ~^ s s ~~~ '°~ .r ,~s: ~_ ., ,, ~,~ % wr ~ ~;. m ,. r ~ .. y5^. ~ . ... .. .... ~....,.. . ~~~ Marana plans then grows. Our town is a plamung town. Reach >lito the soil and you start to understand why. Marana farmers and ranchers have relied on the land and the river season after season, generation after generation. Marana's• farmers have always rotated crops for the health ofthe harvest and the health of the land. For ranchers, there has always been gain in leaving open spaces and allowing grazing land long rests. The land renews and cattle cail graze it briefly again. As centuries passed, our success thrived on water. Having a reliable, ever-renewable source became our focus until it became our claim. Our town thought water all the way through. Marana's sustaining water entitlement was secured because Marana conceived, developed and executed a plan. Marana knows the value of pristine, open land. When your town population increases, you make sure you've got wide open places where folks can stretch and breathe. Our town plans for balance and quality. With Marana Heritage River Park, Marana's plan encompasses more than twice the national average of dedicated public lands per thousand population. Marana brims with trails, parks and places to roam. Stewardship, while it's not the fast-track to easy money, is the progressive track to living well. Treat the land carelessly and you experience immediate and lasting loss. Use vision, plan thoughtfully and you help the land live to nourish fixture generations • • • • • ~'' #~ ~ G r f~ ~' ~~~ r F..~ , ~ ~ "~ 1.. 1 '~„ ~ Marana plans for growth and then grows. In the past three decades, Marana has increased its acreage 12 times over. Its population has grown 22 times over in that same time, but its 126 square miles provide more than ample breathing space for its nearly 37,000 residents. r" u t\., j Y a . ' a z & -. Marana grows what the world wants. Since the 1940s, wheat, barley, alfalfa, produce, citrus, and the majority crop- cotton, ar "desert snow"-have been cultivated, with the cultivation of wheat and cotton threading back centuries. Long staple cotton grown in Marana, a long fibered Gossypium hirsutum, finds its way to the eastern United States and European textile mills, where it is made into natural, comfortable clothing that the world enjoys. • ~I Marana grew up on a trade route where nothing ever stayed the same. Spanish missionaries • and explorers brought astonishing new seeds and livestock. Some thrived. Some didn't. • O$spring of many survive here today. Later, stage lines exchanged mail, commerce and people. The coaches were also tedious and • vulnerable to breakdowns and delays. Their day came and went. Miners brought newways of unearthing ore. Railcars rolled the newest and best of everything this way. Naturally, the expansion of the trade-route-turned-highway was our next event. • Now, Marana had a downtown back in the day-including one-stop shopping ahead of its time. In the early 1960s, federal and state highway agencies took the reins in the name of progress. Buildings toppled. The old main street was leveled. A new route began. • Our adaptation was simple. View the super-highway as a new main street, one that gives easy ' planned streets where folks live. access to the new, rebuilt town a<ld keeps fast-moving traEhc ofl • Time advances and Marana adapts, but not by sacrificing infrastructure and open space. As • our town has progressed-from rural community to town with rural sensibilities-Marana has seen careful development as opportunity. • ~ As the balance has shifted and farmland has made way for housing, potential developers have been met with thoughtful interest and a clear invitation to upgrade, improve and enhance • Marana. Our town adapts, accommodates new people and still feeds and clothes the world. Marana is courageous in the face of challenge. Marana is aget-back-in-the-saddle kind of town. Our town showed resilience long before Marana had a name. The hardy settlers who followed the Anna Expedition came to a land filled with promise and challenge. Like the early indigenous farmers before them, they could work the land year-round, but only by being alert to possibility and change. Theirs was a simple formula: high risk + hard work = uncertain payo$: Those who survived grew strong. The Western spirit guided them, telling them "Stand up. Never back down When Marana had an opportunity to annex 17 miles near the major trade route along the interstate highway, our town jumped right in. Our town wasn't the only one with an eye on this highly desirable region. The move was met with resistance, but not from the coveted zone. Sure, the scale of the undertaking was startlingly bold. But with this annexation, our town could do more than expand. Our town prevailed. Resistance was overcome. Suddenly, Marana had a booming commercial district. That revenue base would help balance the ta<Y burden between business, industry and just plain folks. It was a deft move seized at the moment when a great possibility was at hand. The annexed region gets our city services. Our tax base is fir better balanced. The little town of Marana grew bigger in a way that was truly win-win. • ,• S Early hunters in what is now Marana confronted wild game with spear-throwers in hand. Like Homo sapiens the world over, these prehistoric people were inherently practical and inventive, applying principles of mechanics to produce a revolutionary hunting technology. The first use of bow and arrow in the American Southwest is documented from the Marana area-a highlight of our local heritage. ~,•. ~ ~- ~' _ u~.~~ ~ ~~ ~ , , r MaranaCarnme~cialZcsx~e ~ ~ m a ®~ ~ : _~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -~ ~ ~~~ - ~° f s<. _ r. In Marana, results matter. 111 Marana, we measure our success by outcomes. When Marana became an incorporated town, it had so few square miles you could count them on your fnlgers, only a handful of townspeople, achicken-scratch budget and not much else. To get projects done, including roads, civic leaders held fund-raisers and pot lucks, shared volunteer e$orts, borrowed equipment gild corralled donated materials. W bile the budget was tiny, the vision was vast. Our town wanted quality for townspeople to come first. That's been our hallmark ever since. Marana Municipal Complex is beautifully made from natural local materials. It's also designed for practical day-to-day use. The people who work within have what they need close at hand. The citizens who use the complex can be served quickly, easily and well. The Marana Community Farm, encompassed within Marana Heritage River Park, is another way our town says "results count" In Marana tradition, the farm, a partnership with the Marana Community Food Bank, came together because people asked for and gave both moneyand equipment. And theyvolunteered. Produce grown year-round in this drip-irrigated multi-acre organic farm is shared with the Food Bank and supports community agricultural education. Folks who enjoy the harvest are treated to fresh, natural, pesticide-free locally grown fruits and vegetables. It's an extra high level of quality very much worth doing well. The National League of Cities has recognized Marana Community Farm, citing "municipal excellence" for its partnership with the Community Food Bank. The award demonstrates Marana s ability to offer outstanding progra<z1s for its citizens. Our town's successes that followed from its meager beginnings happened because of the hard work of the many pioneers and the visionaries who followed in their footsteps. Do it right so it lasts. That's our Marana style. Awell-conceived city center-complete with designated areas for people to gather socially, honor their spiritual practices, share news, and sell produce and other wares-existed in Marana's prehistoric past, as did ball courts and village plazas. a~~ 4~ ~n . ~~ ~ ''a t ~. d ~~s5 ~(~~ gyp.. A~t~,', ,t. Qp _ m „N_. -. ~,r ~ ~t. _ -...a ~ i,s~a 'r+ r A I it ,. ; Yx„ ~'~ a 5 ~ f P ~_ Marana Health Center was the first community health center in all of Arizona. It was the first, and for decades the only, provider of clinic-based primary medical-, dental; behavioral- health, and low-cost drug services in the greater Marana area. All hands count in our community. Marana is like a family with a tangle and twist. The trade route brought folks from China, Africa and the whole western world. Each brought a perspective and a right to be heard. Our town learned how to give, take, sacrifice and share. When you share risks, rewards, good times and bad, you think nothing of setting another place at the table for a friend. Marana's habit of planning for the whole community's good started early. Cotton Blossoms, a women's group, saw a need for access to medical care for farm workers and their families. These pioneers made a free clinic for children from a tiny cotton shed. That was the genesis ofthe first Marana Health Center (MHC). Now, one ofthe largest Women Infants Children (WIC) programs in the region resides at MHC. With satellite clinics scattered throughout Southern Arizona, people of ample means and those with lunited financial resources utilize MHC because ofthe quality health care it provides. Caring for the entire community isn't just about health. The placement ofmulti- familyhousing very near the Marana Municipal Complex was part of an overall plan to bring residents close to the cultural and working heart of their town. In our town, we believe taking care of everyone makes the whole community strong. The town's about its people, not the other way around. Marina is an enterprising town. On the trade route, the next, new, best and brightest possibilities rolled through quickly. Any great opportunity that unexpectedly presented itself could begone on the next stage or train. In historic Marina, decisions made on the spot could have along-term effect come farm or ranch market time. Plus, a common thread binds those who farm, ranch and mine. All labor in their present for reward in an unknown future. So many risks lay beyond their personal control. Keen judgment and sharp tuning became the tools of our town. Our town is now the center for some of the world's top sports events. The Ritz- Carlton Golf Club, Dove Mountain is the new home of the Accenture Match Play Championship, an event that brings together the world's top golfers in a unique head- to-head match-play competition. Rope what comes at you before it gets away. ~l~IllCtLnlCti G'hll V"L ~~Ot t(~ ~:~ .1fi~`i' 11'~l.ll 1'~~ll \v~.11?l. ~~~~11~'tl;ll~'ti h'~l~ll Cull A1.1111. ~'~,t~~l`1`~ Il+.'~1~ ~t?\v,ii"~~ `~'t~ll. 1".ltlh'I l1'3~~, )'t)l! VC ~~+t tl~ I~C~p ~'l)llr ~~'Cti (?pl'n .1L1~~ ~~c gUtc~~. ~~ It's not the town's only gathering of the world's best in a particular sport. Marina hosts atop-of-the-line rodeo competition nl the Marina Calf Roping Invitational where the nation's and state's highest-ranking competitors compete each year at the Marina Western Heritage Arena. Marina's enterprising nature is where its present and past join. Resorts, fine restaurants and shopping centers now call Marina home while cattle still parade for prospective buyers at the Marina Stockyards. This unique livestock auction house, a Marina-brand "commodities exchange;' is the only one ofits kind within a good many country miles. Marina's heritage prepares it to be what it is becoming: a home town, a destination and an amenity-rich rural respite from the pressures of city life. The largest and most comprehensive Ritz- Carlton branded project in the continental United States is located in Marana. Marana seizes the moment and reaps the reward. In Marana, you can golf where champions compete, indulge at a luxury spa, dine at afour-star restaurant, bid on a prize steer, explore a 4,000-year-old archaeological site, hike back-country trails, or take in a world-class rodeo. Best of all, you can do much of this in a single day. Once you're in the saddle, be ready to ride. .~ ~~1.~ ~ ~ ~ i -0 ~a :.~ ~~ i $/ 1x ^ ~#. ~ t ~ ~ ' ,~ i+ 'a s * i ,,.4 r y r "M1Sbb - t ~ i ~ 9 ~ st _ ~ ~~ k ~ t - ~ ~. +~. ... ~ s s .a * ~. M `#-~'Z'~<,y.y~.io~. ,~l~' ~`+ «_ r,~ .;,+1k,,_ `~ ` -4~ -~a °, Iy.T +.~,~,. .~+ '~ 411in M~ ~ .._~ *Mr ~tR~.-~' ':rP~~ +~~c ~ r .. / gyp" ~ ,~-~ ~ ~ ~+~ x ' tiR~41c ,ti ~ ~ ~. ...,. _ a.~ ~ ~ ..~ ~~~ ~_,~. ,+ ~ G._ ~ _.. € i Visit Marana Henta~e Prolectis crownin 7 jewel, - • t • • • • • • • • • • • • • WHERE OLD TRACKS BREAK NEW TRAILS ~_ ~! l ~ ~R t~ ~ +~L~E _ r b ys~~ ~. 9 ~ x - ~ x .,. ~ ~ v_. ~ '~{ F 1 $i . • e i" h r, ,m' e may. ~ lt' r ~ e~q[ 77 I{ ~ ~ / ~~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~-~ ~ ' . 3~ _ ; ,> o 1 , .. > ~* t _ 6 , Y w s x 1 y ~ x s ~ ~ n s e ~ e 1 / F / ~ .• i ~ ~ ~ t. ~ _ y k ~F fte a l LE •Y.J j e . • ~ ~ ~ w • r F . ~ ~ . ~ "f . e .i F. ~ . a Y ' ~ ~ '~ o ~E t ~p ~' ~ ~ ~k I'~ "'Y~~ ° f+l ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ,A I[ , ~ i r 11~ a ~o ~~ ~ ~~ ~.. ~ t '1 e. 'ru 5 ~ ~~ ~ ,: - ` ' r r ~ . ' ~.. Es z,,, ro ., .~ s C - 1 `7 issued a proclamation making known the penalties imposed by the Ordinance on anyone who should violate women, especially heathen, or steal their goods. Under the same penalties I forbade anyone to raise arms against the heathen in the country through which we pass, except in a case of necessity for the defense of life, or at my orders, and likewise against anyone who should spread any report which might withdraw these heathen from the true religion and the dominion of his Majesty. " Juan Bautista de Anza journal, October 28, 1775, at Oit Par (translated from Spanish) Cover artwork and artist rendering on page 12 were created by Bill Singleton and funded by Pima County 2004 General Obligation Bonds. Cover artwork of Juan Bautista de Anza Expedition in 1775 at Oit Par campsite in Marano on their way to found the City of San Francisco. Table of Contents: A River, a Trade Route, and the People Who Thrived on Both ............................... 2 First Residents Arrive in Season ................................................. . 4 Return of Water Brings Community Planners ....................................... . 5 Valley Dwellers Make Room for a Foothills People .................................. . 7 The Hohokam People: Masterminds of Desert Urbanization ............................. . 8 Locals Adapt to New Arrivals .............................................. 10 A Wildly Enterprising Era Gallops Ahead ...................................... 13 Miners Unearth Riches and Show Their Mettle ................................. 17 New Nations Rise from Old ............................. 18 Ranchers Steward the Land and Preserve Open Spaces ........................... 19 Farming Grows Diverse Crops and Communities ............................... 20 Wide Open Spaces Draw Military Presence. .. .. .. .... .. .... 23 New Town Wisely Taps Water Rights. 25 Planning Delivers `More Miles than People'. 26 Marano-Where the Corridor of Progress Meets the Heritage of the American West ........... 29 A Timeline of Marana's Cultural Heritage ................................... 30 Acknowledgments 31 Map of Cultural Heritage Sites ... ... ..... ....... ....................... 32 © U.S. -Mexico Border Culture (1854 to present) ® Map Features Ranching Traditions (1690 to present) Spanish and Mexican Frontier (1690 to 1854) © Mining Booms (1690 to present) ® U.S. Military Posts on the Mexican Border (1856 to present) Desert Farming (2000 B. C. to present)-includes parts of Native American Lifeways Symbols Keyed to the Map Guide on page 32: o Native American Lifeways (11,000 B.C. to present) • This publication is available online at www.marana.com 1 A River, a Trade Route, and the People Who Thrived on Both The story of this place and its people as they were'shaped by their natural world-Marana's cultural heritage~overs 13,000 years. Like the Santa Cruz River in Marana, the story resists confinement in distinct channels and, instead; pushes forward in often shallow, loosely-entwined braids. This narrative keeps the river always in mind-even during dry seasons when the water flows below ground, out of sight-for water is and always has been the lifeblood of this town. Marana's history is rich with "firsts" and "mosts:' This vicinity boasts some of the oldest documented examples of water control on the North American continent and the first-known use of the bow-and-arrow, the first farmers, pottery makers, ball courts, plazas, and villages of the American Southwest. In fact, the world's oldest stone tobacco pipes were found on a site within the Town of Marana. The first American flag raised in the region passed through here in 1846- 66 years before Arizona became a U.S. state. The westernmost fatal conflict of the Civil War was fought nearby, and thousands of World War II aviators trained here. In 1957, the Marana Health Center became the first designated community health center in all of Arizona. Today, Marana boasts the only livestock auction house in the Santa Cruz Valley, the Marana Stockyards. The town is also home to unique world-class sports events-from golf's Accenture Match Play Championship to rodeo's Marana Calf Roping Invitational. To a first-time visitor, this land may appear stark, resources spare. But water, along with nutrient-rich soil endowed by a river, gives Marana's people a story that spans. thousands of prolific years. Marana thrives on a trade route, a vital artery of progress since those ancient cultures lived here. Ever keeping its vantage point on the river, along the trail, for decades Marana has observed the growth of neighboring urban centers. It has gained foresight, carefully selecting successful practices and evolving, always with a plan. Vast tracts of natural open space in or adjacent to the town are now protected under law, keeping sprawl at bay and opening a portal to untamed lands: Ironwood Forest National Monument (179,000 acres) to the west, Picacho Peak State Park (3,500 acres) to the northwest, Tortolita Preserve (2,500 acres) and Tortolita Mountain Park (4,200 acres) to the northeast, and Saguaro National Park West (24,798 acres) to the south. Marana's heritage is multifaceted, embracing Native American lifeways, desert farming practices from prehistory to now, ranching traditions, mining booms, U.S. military outposts, Spanish and Mexican frontier, and U.S.-Mexico border culture. History shows Marana to be a progressive rural community that continues to adapt in the face of rapid change. 2 First Residents Arrive in Season The first residents of what is now Marana came upon the region as an ice age drew to a close. They must have marveled at the clear streams bordered by grass-covered prairies they would have found in the cooler, wetter climates of 11,000 B.C. In all likelihood, they also beheld a backdrop of rugged mountains. Nomads of the Clovis hunting culture, these people hunted large mammals such as mammoths, bison, camels, and ground sloths- oversized animals known as megafauna. The bones of ancient animals found upstream of Marana tell us what was hunted, and a few large, distinctive spear points found elsewhere along the Santa Cruz River tell us how. Hot Climate Drives People Away Between 10,000 and 7000 B.C. a gradual climate change brought rising temperatures and a shift from winter-dominant to summer-dominant annual rainfall. Except for bison, the megafauna were gone. Many animals retreated to higher elevations or cooler latitudes. Desert plants were taking hold in the valleys. The small bands of people here gathered seeds, nuts, and the fruit of native plants, moving their campsites seasonally to follow the wild harvests. As the plains gave way to desert, these resourceful people developed stone tools for such tasks as working animal skins, scraping spines, or pounding seeds and nuts. )trst as water drew early people to the area, absence of water drove them away. Beginning about 7000 B.C. and lasting until 4000 B.C., further climate change occurred. Signs indicate that average temperatures were several degrees warmer than they are today; winters were drier, and summers wetter. Reduced winter precipitation and increased evaporation during hotter summers led to drying up of rivers, streams, springs, and lakes of the southwest during this time span called the Altithermal ("alti" meaning high, "thermal" pertaining to heat). Animals shifted their ranges. People abandoned desert lowlands altogether, not to return until another climate shift made the land more hospitable again. 4 /~,~ ~ " ~ . ~ . 'r • • • • • • Return of Water Brings ~ Community Planners • Cooler, wetter winters returned around 4000 B.C., refilling lakes, rivers, and streams. Regular floods deposited nutrient-rich sediments across the Santa Cruz a River floodplain, stimulating new plant growth, and hunter-gatherer peoples returned with a new way of life based on the new climate. • People remained in their camps for longer periods of time, hunting bison that were smaller than the megafauna of old, more similar in size to bison today. They gathered wild seeds and fruits. And in all probability, they traded with other people who passed their way. ! Q Las Capas is a large, early agricultural site that was occupied between 2100 and 500 B.C. The oldest known stone tobacco pipes in North America were S found here with tobacco residue inside them in earth layers dating to 1000 B.C. Significantly, some of the oldest irrigation canals in North America were built at Las Capas, the earliest dating to 1250 B.C.-more than 1,000 years earlier than the earliest known canals in the Phoenix area. i i _ ~~- -~~ ~~ ~.~: d _,. dit h ~,i.a.~- . ^ 0 ~} ~;°~;tom ~ } p . The oldest known tobacco pipes and some of the oldest known irrigation canals in North America were found at Marana's Las Capas archaeological site. f LAS CAPAS SITE BRINGS (~ AGRICULTURAL INNOVATIONS 2100 B.C. ~~°~~' ~°" y , .~; ~~.~. ~~~ , ~ 7 ) ~' 1 5 Corn Brings Food within Reach Trade among cultures, or perhaps the blending of cultures through intermarriage, is thought to have brought about one very significant new practice that changed life Forever. Around 2100 B.C., these former hunter- gatherers planted corn. Its domestication and use as a staple crop has been traced by scientists to southern Mexico, from where it spread northward to reach this area. With the adoption of farming to supplement wild food sources, the people could remain in one place. They could plan based on predictable resources around them. They could store dried foods for the winter months and travel less in search of food. As it has been for many American cultures, in the Santa Cruz Valley corn was the reliable staple crop. But prehistoric people here also grew squash, tobacco, beans, and cotton. The cotton may have originated from wild native cotton or domesticated cotton acquired through trade. Wild mesquite beans, cactus fruits, and agave were also common food items. Archaeological evidence also tells us that people of the Middle Santa Cruz Valley made the earliest fired ceramic pots and figurines in the southwest. Leisure Time Leads to Cultural Leaps The unique combination of landscape features in the Marana area made cultural leaps possible for these early farmers: predictable seasonal floods in the Santa Cruz River, a shallow water table, anutrient-rich floodplain, plenty of sun for farming, surrounding mountains that offered defense and protection, and a location along a major trade route. The people who lived here around 1200 B.C. were among the first farmers and first villagers of the American Southwest. With relatively abundant and predictable harvests from domesticated crops watered by canal systems, ~A these native people found more free time for creative and productive pursuits. By giving up a nomadic life, they could invest their energies in activities that increased the complexity and distinctiveness of the local culture. They built pit houses and storage pits. They made an expanding variety of tools, crafts, art, and ritual items. The villages in what is now Marana shared social and cultural ties with other communities along the Santa Cruz, and trade connections with distant cultures of the Southwest, especially California and northern Mexico. "Ihey acquired volcanic glass (obsidian), for making projectile points, and sea shells for making jewelry. Locally, chert from limestone was used to make projectile points and tools. 6 © The Dairy Site Archaeological Preserve is an c important prehistoric site which, as a park in the Cortaro Ranch Housing Development, is easy to visit. Villages dating back to between 1000 B.C. and 775 A.D., and between 1300 and 1450 A.D. cover some 100 acres there. Only five percent of this complex has been excavated, but in that small portion, layers upon layers have shed light on how the people lived. The Dairy Site includes pit houses, hearths and roasting pits, an adobe surface structure, and outlying areas where people lived and buried their dead. There are also traces of canals, the "ak:chin" irrigation system these people used to capture and manage flood water from summer rainstorms. ....................... `~ . ~~ Farmers Control Water to Improve Harvest i "~ Resourceful and capable, these early farmers developed a complex system of canals to irrigate their crops. In fact, early people along the Santa Cruz River used several crop-watering techniques. "They ~~ ~ ~ - -r dug irrigation canals along perennial streams. They used flood water from summer rainstorms, =~} ;~;~ °~ called "ak:chin" irrigation, to capture and control rain water in more arid basins. They also _. practiced dry farming, sowing in keeping with rainy seasons and relying on rainfall to water their crops, as well as planting fields in appropriate soils and areas with naturally high water tables that the roots of their crops could reach. Their only known cultivation tools were a sharp wooden Po~ digging stick and a thin, handheld hoe made from a rock slab. yrs r a a ; : °:: , r - .t,ti ,. ~"` '+' ~ Bows and Arrows and Atlatls ~~' '~a~` t..~ '~=y ~ , ~~~?rs~'`" ~° ~l ~"~ ~ Early hunters in what is now Marana confronted wild game with spear-throwers in hand. Like ~s.> ?~ ~ ~ humans the world over, these rehistoric eo le were inherent) ractical and inventive, a 1 m h''~~~'''`~ ''~,~~ principles of mechanics to produce a revolputionary hunting technology By about 800 B.Cpphe g "' people here used the bow-and-arrow as well as the atlatl, aspear-throwing tool, for hunting game. .. - + = . _ - - Small stone arrowheads that may indicate the first use of bow and arrow in the American Southwest .. .. - - ~ .. are documented from the Marana area. . • .. 7 - s • r . - - _ ~ ~ ~ Valley Dwellers Make Room for a Foothills People ~. ~ - Ji ~, ~ ~'~~ „ ::_. ~~ The early farmers in the Sonoran Desert continued their agricultural lifestyle for about 2,000 years. But by around 50 A.D. the river had cut a deeper channel in the - "~`""" """°`' ~`=-i.- ,,~~4 floodplain. About the same time, the water table dropped, °. making water more difficult to access for both plants and people. Archaeological evidence suggests that people from a mountainous area to the north arrived at about this time. The ,_.. way the newcomers lived, and the things they left behind, look similar to those of the Mogollon culture, but it is not certain who these people were. .e+', In the early centuries A.D. both newcomers to the area and early farmers from the established culture practiced agriculture, while people from each group lived together in the valley basin. Both also gathered wild food and hunted on the bajadas sloping up to the mountain bases. .. . . . .. . . . . ... . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .... . It appears the original valley residents and the newcomers found a way to share the land. For a century or so their residence in the area overlapped, with older villages along the river inhabited by the earlier farmers and new villages inhabited by this group that had come from the uplands. For a while they maintained their distinctive cultures, but eventually their cultural practices merged. 7 The Hohokam People: Masterminds of Desert Urbanization First City Center Brings Community Together Around 550 A.D. styles and beliefs of the Hohokam culture centered in the Phoenix Basin to the north were adopted by the local people in what is now Marana. At least, that is the commonly held view. The Hohokam are known for pottery decorated with distinctive designs painted in red, for seashell jewelry, extensive canal systems, cotton textiles, cremation burials, and Mesoamerican-style large ball courts. In the late stage of their culture they created walled compounds containing platform mounds and adobe aboveground architecture, in addition to the traditional pit houses partially dug into the ground. A well-conceived ciryeenter-complete with designated areas for people to gather socially, honor their spiritual practices, share news, and sell produce and other wares-existed in Marana's prehistoric past, as did ball courts and village plazas. The name "Hohokam" is used by archaeologists to refer to this prehistoric culture in the sense of "those who came before." An alternate translation of this O'odham word is "all used up." The word in O'odham is Hu/~zsgarrz. These are the probable ancestors of the Tohono O'odham, whose name means "desert people." ,,, Another word once used to describe the desert people, which you may still encounter in the literanrre, is "Papago," meaning "bean eater," but "Tohono O'odham," words from their native ,, , tongue, is now the broadly accepted name. Hohokam ceramic figurines were found in a cache in Marana in 1937. 131ae1: and white image shows original figurines; Color image shows replicas. *'"' --~ -._ The Canal Builders ~' '" k From 550 to 1450 A.D., long before the arrival of the ~' Spanish, the area was inhabited by a people known P ~ ~" f` as the Hohokam. By the time the Spanish arrived ~ ~ ~ +rj in the Santa Cruz Valley in the 1690s, the Hohokam '. - ~~;~ ~. ~ ~zy ~ ~ ~"` ~ = had vanished; their extensive irrigation canals ~- , . .. r=,~ a ` . _~''" -. were still visible, but lay in ruin. 1 '° a .,,s- !!` .s ~ ~, t w « m ~' HOHOKAM CULTURE BRINGS CITY CENTERS Q 1~.D. ~~-~ ~ ~ _, N~~~~.. 1_ t55 ---.~ s By about 800 A.D., the central feature of the Hohokam village was its plaza, and the largest villages also had ball courts like those farther south in Mexico. By this time, communities in the upper and middle Santa Cruz Valley were also being influenced by the Trincheras culture that developed to the south. For the next few centuries, the Santa Cruz Valley remained a shared borderland that blended the Trincheras and Hohokam-a cultural intersection created by natural resources and an active trade route. ~~ ~- ~~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~'r~ ~~ -= F ~ a :~" Innovations in Architecture Grow Brick by Adobe Brick By 1000 A.D., Hohokam villages had grown along expanded canal systems. Two centuries later the Hohokam were building walled compounds with above- ground adobe architecture and platform mounds for ceremonial use. '`'`~ ~~ A large platform built between 1150 and 1300 A.D. was the focal point of a community that lived between the Santa Cruz River and the Tortolita Mountains during the late phase of the Hohokam Culture. An adobe compound wall, along with many living quarters and trash mounds, cover about one square mile surrounding the platform. Water-smart Earthworks Make Rocky Hillsides Yield On the lower slopes of the Tortolita Mountains, early native farmers cultivated extensive 0 Agave Fields that covered an area seven miles long and ahalf--mile wide. They built rock- piles, terraces, and check-dams to slow rain runoff and save every drop of moisture. The rock- piles around the bases of the plants protected the young agave plants from rodents, much as a rock mulch protects sprouting vegetables in a backyard garden. The rocks also conserved moisture by reducing evaporation around plant roots. The main agave species that grew in those ancient fields (Agave murpheyi) were plants brought here from Mexico by even earlier prehistoric farmers. More than 100,000 agaves may have been cultivated in these fields around 1300 A.D. These hardy succulent plants were used in many ways-roasted for food, fermented for "spirit" beverage, or cut into strips and scraped for weaving fibers. ~ ~ Bob Sharp About 700 years ago on the lower slopes of the Tortolita ~ ` ~i Mountains, prehistoric farmers ° , ~1 cultivated perhaps as many as ~ ~ ~~~,~~~ 100,000 agave plants. ~a ,. :_ ~ Los Morteros is a Hohokam ball court village that was in use from about 850 to 1300 A.D. The site is located on the Santa Cruz River floodplain at the northeast end of the Tucson Mountains. Prehistoric features by the hundreds have been uncovered here, including an adobe-walled. compound, houses, and cemeteries. While the site near the Puerta del Norte Trailer Court was being excavated and studied in the 1980s, archaeologists also came upon the foundations of the~Pointer or "point of" Mountain®Butterfield Stage Station. People were undoubtedly living in this area since before recorded history, because Father Kino, who was virtually the first to arrive and write about the places and people of this area, spoke of a village at a site very near Los Morteros that he called "EI Valle de Correa." ~ Yuma Wash contains what are known as Hohokam Classic Period houses, which were built-above-ground block structures, and cremation and burial sites used between 1100 and 1450 A.D. The Town of Marana plans to use the site as a hands-on, archaeological-education program for the public. Artist rendering of ~lirssic Hohokam Period phttforrri'moaind. Platform mounds were built as public ceremonial structures, usually in walled compounds. Locals Adapt to New Arrivals 10 People of the Trincheras culture, a culture centered in Sonora, Mexico, also flourished in the Santa Cruz Valley sometime between 550 and 1450. They lived on terraced hillsides as well as valley settlements, while the contemporaneous Hohokam lived exclusively on valley floors. They were different cultures with diff=erent settlement patterns, architecture, burial practices, styles of pottery, and techniques ofshell-jewelry manufacture. After 1450, there is no archaeological record of either culture. Sometime in the late 1600s, Apaches advanced from the northeast, and in the early 1690s the Spanish arrived from the south. Caught in the collision of these two forces, the lives of the O'odham people-probable descendants of the Hohokam who Ixved where Marana is today-would never be the same. A" ~vv' -_- _ _ ,~ j i -~ .t ~ ~ "der. The Apaches were ahunter-gatherer society. Without permanent villages, they raided more established cultures in the region, including O'odham. They were opportunists who stole what they could-basic food items as well as women and children. Using bows-and-arrows and foot- long war clubs, the Apaches attacked then moved on. At this point in time, as .the eighteenth century unfolded, O'odham villagers made permanent contact with Europeans who crafted maps and kept written records in the Santa Cruz Valley. It is at this juncture that "recorded history" begins in the Middle Santa Cruz Valley. Jesuit Priest Promotes Modern Ranching In 1694, Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, a Jesuit priest, was among the first Europeans to visit the Marana locale. A devout and pragmatic missionary working for the Spanish government and the Roman Catholic Church, Kino and the Spanish military soon brought much of what is now the Sonoran Desert region, including the Santa Cruz Valley, under the rule of New Spain. Kino's exploration of the Santa Cruz Valley had begun in 1691 on a journey north from what is now Sonora, Mexico. It was Kino who drew the first maps of the region. Educated in the sciences, his survey tools included a compass, sextant, and telescope. He was an advocate for the indigenous peoples he met, learning their languages and helping some of them come together to resist the fierce Apaches. Along with other missionaries, he introduced new farming techniques and brought seed for winter crops such as wheat, peas, lentils, and garbanzos. Kino is also remembered for driving herds oflivestock-Spanish Barb horses, Criollo-Corriente cattle, and Churro sheep-to the mission communities and teaching his converts to raise livestock. His productive ranches ,,' across what is now northern Sonora and southern Arizona set the foundation for modern ;,~;° ranching. Kino was a pathfinder, pioneer, and peacemaker, best remembered perhaps for his founding of a series of missions, including the Dove of the Desert, San Xavier del Bac, just south of Tucson. ~ ~• - ®Early Spanish accounts report a native village or villages called by various names-"EI Valle de Correa>" "San Clemente;' and "San Agustin"-near Pointer Mountain. A tribe of people known as Sobaipuris, related to O'odham but with a different dialect, made this village or collection of villages home. , ~4 FATHER KING BRINGS NEW LIFESTYLES 1.~~ A.D. ~_ '~~~/ ~ ~~ ~f ~r ~" 'kt s ~ ~~,. Fing of Spanish Krng Carlos III circa U75 ~ .,~ i "~' ~ ~ 'C'+~: "~''~ ~ 1 ~ ~:~ Anza Expedition Cuts a Swath Across History In late October 1775, Juan Bautista de Anza, captain of the Spanish presidio (fort) in Tubac, led an expedition north along the Santa Cruz River heading toward California. The expedition included 30 soldiers and their families, mostly women and children, making up the 200 colonists. An ac{ditional 100 in the group included cowboys, translators, muleteers, guides, priests, and escort soldiers. With them, they drove herds oflivestock-horses, mules, burros, and cattle-totaling 1,000 head. Their first campsite in southern Marana was on a flat called Llano del Azotado near ®Pointer Mountain. L/~trzo del Azotado is Spanish for "flat of the criminal publicly whipped," and that Warne stems from the punishment meted out to two muleteers who tried to desert the expedition. From this camp the expedition headed northwest through a pass they called OPuerto del Azotado. Today, it is called Rattlesnake Pass and can be accessed on Silverbell Road. Their next campsite was at DOit Par just west of ~ Pinal Air Park. This name means "Old Town" in the language of the O'odham. It is thought to be the site of a village destroyed by Apaches. Further north, the}'stopped at ~Picacho de Tacca (Tacca being the O'odham name for Picacho Peak) or "the flat of El Aquituni." ~~IST9 ~Q' O~ ~ y ,~~ ~ N -" (,-? N 12 '~. ~, ", ~,. ', i o~ is ! r . ,~ vv ge' t ANZA'S EXPEDITION SETS UP CAMP 1775 A. D . ~~~ v ®'Ihe route Anza and his charges took to found San Francisco was designated the "Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail" by the United States Congress in 1)90. The National Park Service oversees the trail. A 17-mile segment of this route passes through Marana along the Santa Cruz River, while an Anza auto route has been designated along parts of Silverbell and other roads. Creeping Border Leads to War and More United States .................................. The Mexican-American War (1846 to 1848) was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico spurred by the annexation of Texas by the United States in 1845. Mexico claimed ownership of Texas as a breakaway province, refusing to recognize the secession and subsequent military victory by Texas in 1836. (Remember the Alamo!) The Rio Grande became the boundary between Texas and Mexico, and Mexico never again ruled Texas. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed on February 2, 1848. It ended the war and gave the United States undisputed control of Texas, while Mexico ceded the states of California, Nevada, Utah, and additional territory in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming to the United States for a sum of money. .................................. MORMON BATTALION BLAZES A TRAIL lgq,6 A~D~ In 1846 the Mormon Battalion blazed a road north through Picacho Pass and on to San Diego. Later in 1849, more than 10,000 gold- seekers followed this same route to join the rush to California. A Wildly Enterprising Era Gallops Ahead Gadsden Purchase Paves the Way for a Railroad In spite of a valiant trek by the Mormon Battalion in 1846, American efforts to secure Mexican territory for the United States by military might did not succeed. All of Arizona south of the Gila River remained in the hands of Mexico when the Mexican-American War ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in l 848. "Ihe prize the soldiers had hoped to take came in 1854 with the Gadsden Purchase. 'The United States made an enterprising deal: 29,640 square miles of New Mexico and Arizona south of the Gila River for $10 million. For the price of about 33 cents an acre, the United States opened a transcontinental corridor for the ®Southern Pacific Railroad. Forty-niners Stop, Dig for Gold, and Settle for Copper ®The California gold rush made the trade corridor hum. In 1849, more than 10,000 adventurers followed the Santa Cruz River north to the Gila River. They continued on to California along the route taken by the Anza Expedition, in all likelihood the same road native traders had used centuries before. The area we know as Marana, which came under the jurisdiction of the United States five years later, jolted to life. Mexican settlers established large cattle ranches. Prospectors arrived with mineral riches on their minds. They didn't find gold in any abundance, but settle for copper they would. By 1865, high-grade copper ore was being transported by wagon from mines in the ®Silver Bell Mountains to Yuma, and then shipped on to Baltimore for smelting. s On the western side of Ironwood Forest National Monument lies the site of the Mission Santa Ana de Chiquiburitac, established by a padre from Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1834. It was the last mission to be constructed in the Sonoran Desert during this time. .................................. 13 t a C pE E 3 14 Mail and the Money Must Go Through ®In 1857, James E. Birch's San Antonio and San Diego Mail Line began using the same foot-and wagon-worn route of the Mormon battalion. Called "the Jackass Mail," this pioneering mule-driven enterprise wasn't the first to carry mail overland between southern California and the Fast, but it was the first to provide scheduled mail service under contract from the U.S. Postmaster General. "Ihe Butterfield Overland Stage Company arrived in 1858 and ~ r{° eventually established the ®Pointer Mountain, Nelson's Desert Ranch and ~Picacho Pass remount stations. The _ ~.~ company carried both transcontinental mail and passengers, but ~ t was discontinued in 1861 after the outbreak of the Civil War. The route the stage rumbled over through Marana closely follows r Interstate 10. '`'' ~. ~r Early st~tgecoac{ies carried hot<i U. S. h'Ireil and prusengers. The first "Territorial" Post Office in Marana was established in 1887. ................. EI In EI she w1- any In Po riff we sh< acc ad. Le sta Tu Te sta dis ch. 16 ',. ~ V~~ Blue and Gray Battle at "Ship of the Desert" ~~~During the Civil War, after Union troops withdrew from southern Arizona to fight in the East, Confederate troops from Texas moved to occupy Tucson. Then, in early 1862, Union troops were sent east from Yuma to take back southern Arizona. • On April 15> an advance party of 14 soldiers engaged a patlol of 10 Confederate i Calvary at the Picacho Pass Butterfield Stage Station. • This is the site of the westernmost fatal conflict of the Civil War. During the hour-and-a-half battle, the Union lost three • soldiers, but they prevailed. The victorious troops rode south i to retake Tucson. The Union troops replanted the American flag in May 1862. Monuments dedicated to this Civil War battle and to the Mormon Battalion are located on the west ~ • side of Interstate 10 in Picacho Peak State Park. Z • Picacho Peak State Park sponsors an annual re-enactment Confederate Flag circa 1860 of this battle in March. Picacho Peak, on the west side of Picacho Pass, is also known as • "the ship of the desert." Picacho, however, means "peak" in Spanish. The distinctive peak was used as a landmark by early travelers. In 1863, Arizona became an official Territory • of the United States. ,. c . ,~ ~~ ,_ - ~ ..._ ~`` ~~ ~ ~~ Y ~ ~t ,, • ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ s~ _ .. ~ ~ - ~ .~-~ ~ ~~ , E t ~ ~. ~ - , ~.~: } ~ ~., 3 t~ r ,~ ti+ R E T y 'g• -- C.f1. p i.~ 3 ~ ~ <f ~« a •: y _ 4 r ti j ~ _ b 4 . p . ., . . - ~ p _ ,.~ r,. _ .^~ ~ • ., ~ ~ -' r ` Picacho Peak is called "the ship of the desert." • The battle of Picacho Pass was the western- - i !' most fatal encounter of the Civil War. • Ruins from the 5ASC0 Complex still remain today. World War I brought new prosperity to what was left of aonce-thriving Silverbell Copper .Mine. The mining camp quickly burgeoned, with a school and a hospital for more than a 1,000 residents. Miners Unearth Riches and Show Their Mettle Silverbell Mine Tagged "Hellhole" The mining camp of Silverbell was known locally as "the hellhole of Arizona." Mining booms in the region began in the 1~860s and by 1865 high-grade copper ore was being mined in the Silver Bell Mountains as part of larger mining operations. Six miles southeast of the old settlement of Silverbell, the Silver Mountain Mining District installed a small smelter in 1874 and a larger one in 1900. The underground Silverbell copper mine, established by the Imperial Copper Company, incorporated in 1903 and closed in the 1920s. Mining Booms, Busts, and Booms Again ©~'~ In 1904, a connection to the Southern Pacific Railroad was built from the Silverbell mine to Red Rock. From February to September, between 600 and 700 men sweat under the desert sun to lay 22 miles of standard gauge railroad. In 1907, ore production warranted the establishment of SASCO (Southern Arizona Smelting Company) for ore reduction along the rail line between Silverbell and Red Rock. The SASCO complex, now a ghost town with intriguing ruins, smelted ore for mines at Silverbell between 1907 and 1919. 'Ihe railroad tracks were dismantled in 1933, but mining operations resumed with the new open pit Silver Bell Mine from 1948 to 1984. Silver Bell Mining, LL,C, reopened the operation in 1996. Today, it has three open pits named Oxide, EI Tiro, and North Silver Bell. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, smaller mines in the mountains around Marina produced modest amounts of gold, silver, and lead. Catiada del Oro Wash yielded placer gold. Opened in 1949, the Arizona Portland Cement Company (now called the CalPonland Company Rillito Cement Plant) is the only limestone mine/ cement facility in the Santa Cruz Valley. The complex includes a processing plant in Rillito and a mine called Twin Peaks or "Picacho de Calera" that. excavates 320-million-year-old limestone three miles southwest. ;t ~ .,~~ .,+w. ~ ~ _. ~ ~- ~ s 1 ~ ~ ~F, ., , ,~- ~' ~ ~~-:~ o, °~° ~ ~ ~~~ ~~ .~- ~ ,~. ,,~,t ~e~w ~w ~, _ ~= " °' < < , ~r ' ~ ~ ~~~~k ~ ~ ,_ , ~° :4 'k~ ~'4` ~ ,w `` - .~ •, ~u ,-~+ ''~~~Ji~.~, ~. - ,~,.> c~-~-.~ D ,k`~T,s° ,W J'af f § , ~~~.,~ '" , ;: %:~I ~,. New Nations Rise from Old President Grant established what would become the Tohono O'odham Nation by executive order in ~ 882. It is the second-largest Indian Nation in the United States (the Navajo Nation is largest), covering over 2.8 million acres (about the size of Connecticut), where about 27,000 residents now live. O'odham people and their Sobaipuri relatives were the residents of Marana when the Spanish arrived here in the seventeenth century. Two iconic designs reflect O'odham culture. The first is the Klan in the Maze motif. The second is their flag, which has 11 feathers, representing each of their districts, tied to a pole uniting them. Yoem People Get Sanctuary In the 1880x, the Yoern people from the Yaqui River area in northwestern Mexico fled north to the Santa Cruz Valley, leaving their homes to escape persecution and extermination by the Mexican government. Originally established in 1936, Yoern Pueblo in Marana consists of 4.2 acres and, as of 2001, had 100 tribal members. Prior to 1980, the Yoem lived in . ___~ -. ,t ,- , ~' :~~'j ~ ~ a cluster of about 20 homes called "Yaqui Camp." The settlement - , L, ~, ttr., - is not recognized by the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, although ~'; the settlement of New Pascua, southwest of7itcson, gained official ~ far t!~'"~; „ '~~' r ~Y~~ recognition as a United States Indian Tribe in 1978. The people in Yoem Pueblo do, however, receive financial and other assistance ~ Z ~. ' ~ ~ ` ~ ~;rn from the tribal government of New Pascua. Yryru Tube Fl~rg Zofiaro O'odhanr N2tiorr Fhg War with the Apache ended with the surrender of Geronimo in 1886. .................. 18 1bm JetFords and his dogs in 1902 at his home in (~~~I Hrad Buttes nnrth ~~f Marana. r Ranchers Steward the Land and Preserve Open Spaces • The Bojorquez Ranch site is one of the area's last remnants of a Territorial Period Mexican ranch. The ranch was founded in 1878 by Juan and Maria Bojorquez. It helped provision U.S. troops to battle renegade Apaches. Sold to Leandro Ruiz and Feliberto Aguirre in 1895, it was abandoned about 1900. Foundations of a stone house and an adobe house, as well as astone-masonry water tank, still remain. • The most prominent ,Mexican ranching family in the area, for that matter in Arizona, is the Aguirre family They arrived in Arizona Territory in the 1860s and still run cattle in Avra Valley, south of Red Rock. Tracing their roots back to the days of the co-tquistado-•s, • :1Knirre (:rzttle (:on[/,rtn ps rite Aguirres are descendants of Don Pedro Aguirre, a man of Basque ancestry, as was • °>i (.,rzv 1"'frrrtnrl Juan Bautista de Anza. Don Pedro established the Buenos Aires Ranch, one of southern Arizona's most famous early ranches. . In 1892 one of Don Pedro's sons, Don Yjinio, moved his successful freighting operation from Wilcox to Red Rock and established EI Rancho de San Francisco. In those days, the Avra Valley was covered with lush native grasses that grew "stirrup-high." • Dar C.trpenter's "R Trtnvb/i,rq l" firr[at/ • During the most prosperous days of the Aguirre Cattle Company Don Yjinio and his son Enrique ran thousands of head of cattle from Red Rock to Oro Valley At the same time, the Aguirre freight wagons hauled ore from the Silver Bell Mine to the railroad spur at Red Rock. Later, the family built a second ranch, EI Rancho Grande, eight miles north of the San Francisco. Other prominent Mexican ranch families in the Marana area during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries included the Pachecos, Elias, Robles, Redondos, Ores, Amados, Aroses, and Samaniagos. , Marana Gets a Name The name Marana first appeared as a "flag station" on • a Southern Pacific Railroad map in 1890. Marana is a rural Mexican word meaning dense brush, a tangle, or a thicket. Railroad workers dubbed the site "marana" • as they hacked their way through thick mesquite stands • along the rail line. • In 191 T the settlement of Marana was called Postvale, after the Michigan immigrant Edwin R. Post; but the tag • "Postvale" didn't stick. In the 1920s, the town took on the name Marana. ................................................ 19 Cowboy Life Captares the West and Hollywood Ranching was the economic backbone of the Marana community. In fact, ranching has a 300-year history in the Santa Cruz Valley, with the oldest cattle ranch in the United States at Guevavi in Nogales, its southern end. The 3,000-acre ~ White. Stallion Guest Ranch, established in 1958 on a cattle ranch, continues to celebrate ranching traditions. The ranch has Ancient Land Becomes a Political State newly-formed government of Mexico in the state of Sonora. In 1854, the region came under U.S. jurisdiction within the Arizona ~~' ~ Territory. Arizona became this ;. country's forty-eighth state on February 14, 1912-the very last of the contiguous states in the nation. rLO Arizona State Flag circa 1912 c~~~ and Communities When World War I created a need for cotton in the manufacture of cord, airplane fabric, and other war-related materials, Marana reinvigorated its agricultural roots and began growing more cotton and other crops. The organization that later became the Cortaro Marana Irrigation District was established in 1919. In 1920 Edwin Post, a newcomer from Michigan, drilled wells, installed a pumping plant, and constructed an extensive irrigation system. Pumps were numbered and commonly used as reference points to locate houses and farms. Between 1920 and 1924, many families migrated to the area to grow cotton. Wheat, barley, alfalfa, garden produce, and citrus have been cultivated since the 1940s, but the majority of Marana's agricultural fields have always been devoted to cotton, which farmers called "desert snow." • • • • • it Ammo Histoclml5ociery~ cwn, p10514 Cotton is Crowned King ©The Producer Cotton Gin, built with dried adobe in 1938, included an office and warehouse. These buildings represented the local cotton growing industry and were a ~~ magnet in the settlement of Marana. At one time, there were some 12 active gins in the area. The only one operational today is owned by the Kai family at the intersection of `y. `' 1 r Silverbell and Trico roads in the Avra Valley, west of Marana. ~ ~~ '~ Latter Day Saints Come to Marana '`~~'. ~~,~' _ i The earliest known Mormon residents, the Naegle sisters, arrived in 1924. The elder two came •~. ~~ ' ~ i to teach in a school where a cement plant now stands. Their little sister Gertrude lived with ~' ~ J ~ ~, . •~-* them and attended high school, where she was teased for being Mormon. If there were any other ~~ ~~~, _;~~ Mormons in the communiry, none tnade their presence known. Zhe sisters attended a church in Binghamton Ward, Tucson. Gertrude later married one of the Posts and moved away. 'There were no other openly Mormon residents in Marana until 1940, when Mark and Inez Gardner arrived to work for the Cortaro Farms Company (which owned most of the land in the area and later sold parcels of land to returning servicemen and employees). By the ] 950s, the Lindsey, Keeler, Napier, Wood, and Adams families were established in Marana, and La Mar Jones directed religious meetings in the recreation hall of the labor camp just east of Marana Air Park. Daniel K. Post was elected the first Branch President of the Marana Chapter of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1970. • • :~ Marana grows what the world wants. Since the 1940s, r ~t ~"~-~ r Ji wheat, barley, alfalfa, produce, citrus, and the majority ~.:_. crop~otton, or "desert snow"-have been cultivated, with the cultivation of wheat and cotton threading back centuries. Long staple cotton grown in Marana, along-fibered Gossypium hirsutum, finds its ;~ way to the eastern United States and European textile mills, where it is made into natural, comfortable clothing that the world enjoys. . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~-.1 By the 1970s, Marana's schools reflected an integrated community, where Native American children rode the school bus with African-American children; children of Chinese descent attended school with Mexican and Mexican-American young,~ters and those of Western European descent. 21 Farm-Worker Conditions Make Imperfect Progress ©In the early nineteenth century, migrant workers labored on the farms in and around Marana. "They were provided with bare-bones housing and scant provisions while they attended the fields, and when the harvest was over they moved on. After 1955, migrant workers were largely replaced by farm workers who stayed year-rorriid under somewhat better living conditions, but were paid only when there was work. 'Today, most field workers here are provided year-round pay and housing with utilities. A Chinese Community Leaves Railroad Work Behind Of the 1,300 workers hired to construct this section of the Southern Pacific Railroad, 1,100 were Chinese, anti many of these laborers settled in Tucson around 1880. Some leased land in the .'Marana area, along the Santa Cruz, for "truck farming." They found a niche raising vegetables, which were not grown by other commercial farmers in the region. Other Chinese settlers opened grocery stores and restaurants. Marana's enterprising Chinese farmers and grocers sold goods to Marana's enterprising miners and ranchers. As time passed, these former railroad workers bought land and became highly successful farmers and businessmen. By the 1930s, a substantial and influential Chinese communiry had developed in Marana, including the Chu, Hurn, Kai, and Wong families. e e R K Some 1,100 of the 1,300 workers hired to build the section of the Southern Pacific Railroad passing through southern Arizona were Chinese. Rillito, the Little Town that Could Just the Same ®In the 1940s, men and women of African descent had come to Marana to work the farms and harvest cotton. These laborers lived in housing camps provided by landowners, as was custom at the rime, but in the 1950s social and industrial change brewed unrest. New technology had automated the cotton-harvesting industry; controversy raged over desegregation of schools; and Marana's African-American residents got word to clear out of the camps. Some left the area, but others bought land in what is now the small communiry of Rillito. Because there was no water delivery system there, members of the makeshift settlement had to get their water from the Southern Pacific Railroad's metal water tank. One prominent resident of Rillito was the late actor D. C. Warren, who appeared in the Clint Eastwood movie 7~ie Dutlrzzu Josey Wzles. E E U E V Wide Open Spaces Draw Military Presence Model POWs Work for Coupons For a few years during World War II, Marana had aprisoner-of--war "side camp." Satellite ~ internment camps in Arizona were established to facilitate work in seasonal agriculture, and often consisted of a tent city and perimeter fence. The prisoners in the Marana internment camp were mostly Germans and Italians from the Afrika Korps in North Africa and Europe. The Marana camp was built in the northwest part of town in 1942 and remained in use until 1945. Throughout Arizona, there were a total of 24 camps housing up to 13,000 prisoners. In the United States, there were about 600 such installations. The two main camps in Arizona were in Florence and in Papago Park, Phoenix. POWs from Florence and Papago Park were assigned to the Marana site when they were needed as laborers, but only if they were willing to sign an agreement promising they would not try to escape. They were paid eighty cents a day in coupons, which they could trade for goods at the camp store. The camp's few permanent buildings were sold to the Queen Creek School District in 1947 and have since been dismantled. To learn more, visit the prisoner-of--war camp exhibits at McFarland State Historic Park in Florence. .~ 1 The Marana Army Air Training Base was one of the largest World War II pilot-training centers in the United States, producing some 10,000 aviators between 1942 and 1945. 10,000 WWII Aviators Train in Marana's Open Skies Marana's expansive skies and crystal clear visibility brought significant economic advantage to the town in 1942. The federal government bought three-and-a-half square miles of the old Aguirre Ranch and began construction of an air base and emergency landing fields throughout the area. From 1942 to 1945, the skies above Marana buzzed with the -~ ~- ~. ~. sound of flight training for some 10,000 aviators. At that ~° ~'-~-- ~ ~~s. y time, the Marana Army Air Training Base was one of the ,~ largest pilot-training centers in the United States. ~ ,~ ;~~ 10,000 AVIATORS TRAIN IN OPEN SKIES a`-~ ~ A memorial marker at Marana Regional Airport commemorates 19 U.S. Marines who died on April 8, 2000, when their MV-22 Osprey aircraft crashed nearby. K Pilots training 4 ~ ~n,~ G ~~~ ~,~ _ R ~~~ g 1942 A.D. 23 Military Activity Brings Super Highways and Super Secrecy To serve the military, the highway from Tucson to Casa Grande was improved. It became the major road through Marana. But military presence brought not only a spot on,the highway map, it also brought electric lines, which arrived in 1945. By the end of World War I[, Marana had taken a giant leap in accessibility. It would remain a rural community, but the cities of Tucson and Phoenix were getting easier to reach. The airfield where World War II aviators trained, known as Pinal Air Park, was reopened during the Korean War. Between 1950 and 1976, all CIA air operations were headquartered here, and later, during the Vietnam War, this was the primary headquarters for a wholly CIA-owned "front" company, Intermountain Airlines, also known as Air America. Evergreen Aircraft Maintenance Facility is now located here, along with a "bone yard" for old aircraft and their parts. Flight instruction still goes on in Marana at a training center for Apache attack helicopters. Cold War Titans Defend the Country Features born of the Cold War dotted the area into the late 1980s. Between 1959 and 1984, four underground Titan II intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) silos (SAC sites 570-3, 4, 5, and 6) were located in the Marana area as part of a complex of 18 installations around Tucson. These were retaliatory weapons built as deterrence to aggression. Each missile carried one nine-megaton hydrogen bomb. To make these sites more accessible, several rural roads here were paved. Between 1959 and 1984 four underground Titan II missile silos were located in the Marana area. New Town Wisely Taps Water Rights • "Whiskey's for drinking; ~ Writer's or htin over" • .f ~g g -MARK TWAIN ~' ~ _ .~. Water always has been a valuable commodity in the arid southwest. In March 1977, it was so important that the town's civic leaders incorporated all 10-square miles of /larana in order to retain water rights for current and future'residents. In August 1977, he 1,500 townspeople elected their first town council. In early 1979, the town began to row through a very active annexation polity. Marana continues to aggressively pursue opportunities for the rights to own and deliver water. ince the 1980s, the number of local farms has declined as land has been onverted to housing developments. The area, however, still has six large farms perated by the Cortaro Users Co-op and owned by the Clark, Chu/Ong, :ai, Pacheco, and Payson families and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day aints. The farms primarily raise long staple cotton, although durum wheat, which s exported to Italy to make pasta, is increasingly important as a primary crop. :AP Delivers Abundant Water n 1992, Marana began receiving Colorado River water from the Central Arizona Project (CAP), a federal program authorized by Congress in 1968. 1-ie water is delivered from Lake Havasu on a 336-mile-long route long a series of canals and lift stations. . ~,,,,,/ >.; ,~s +' ~.~ ~4~~ ~~} ., 1 f ~~ ~~~' ~: ~ .~ p'~ ~" ~ ~~~ ,~ ,, ,~"~ g -ter cre-feet, or about 15 million gallons of water each year (an " , ~°~ ~ . ,. ~• ~~ 'rior to the arrival of CAP water, residents of modern ti ~~ , Marana were dependent entirely upon groundwater, ~`° chile earlier people depended on surface water and/or "'" ~. hallow wells Marana's on final CAP entitlement was 47 ~~"' cre-foot of water is the amount that would cover an acre of '°'~ round at one foot deep). In 2009 Marana received an additional ,481 acre-feet from an excess CAP allocation elsewhere, bringing its ~_ total annual allocation to 1,528 acre-feet. The w+°' o. Municipal and Industrial Contract Water `_ . Company distributes Marana's CAP waters. ~+~- «~°s ~` ;- CENTRAL ARIZONA PROJECT ~ ~ ~~~ DELIVERS WATER ~~° . '~~ . ~ ~;~ ~~~~ Planning Delivers `More Miles than People' Today, Marana is a town in forward motion, focused on controlled, sustainable growth centered on the wellbeing of its townspeople. Thanks to foresight and discretion, Marana has succeeded in expanding its land holdings as its population has increased. Marana plans for growth and then grows. In the past three decades, Marana has increased its acreage 12 times over. Its population has grown 22 times over in that same time, but its 126 square miles provide more than ample breathing space for its nearly 37,000 residents. Now, as in its prehistory, Marana benefits by its location on a major trade route. "Ihe Union Pacific Railroad and Interstate Highway 10 cut right through it. Goods move by rail from the Atlantic Seaboard and from manufacturing centers in Mexico, and a major transcontinental highway spanning almost 2,500 miles connects it to the Fast and West Coasts. Marana is also close to international transoceanic markets, with the deep-water harbor in Guaymas, Mexico, slightly closer than San Diego, California. Zhe latest products and developments have always traveled to Marana, but today they arrive at breakneck speed. As for the flow of ,people and goods via air, Marana is between Arizona's two largest metropolitan areas, with Tucson International Airport just 33 miles southeast and Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport about 90 miles north. The Marana Regional Airport, purchased from Pima County in 1999, handles considerable trafl=ic itself, recently logging more than 1 10,000 takeoffs and landings in one year. Marana's "Tangle" Holds Broad Appeal Marana celebrates. its ``tangle" of diversity: residential and farming communities in an expansive valley, resort living amid pristine mountains, and a bustling commercial zone. ` The vibrant countryside iri northern Marana, where the town put down its Western roots, appeals to long-time residents and newcomers alike: Cotton fields still dot the landscape. Ranchers herd cattle. Horses graze on the horizon not far from pleasant neighborhoods. Northern Marana is also home to Marana's municipal complex and its dynamic Heritage River Park, which not only tells the story of Marana's past, but also hosts recreation, arts, and other community events. Located along the Santa Cruz River in Gladden Farms, it features the Heritage and Beard Houses, an operational farm, grain silos, and a passenger train. The mountains extending into northeast Marana are part of the scenic Tortolita Fan. These mountains harbor Marana's luxury getaway, the Ritz-Carlton's largest development in the Continental United States, including two Jack Nicklaus Signature golf courses, the Dove Mountain resort and spa, and aRitz-Carlton- branded, low-density community. For fine dining, gallery shopping, and overall indulgence, this corner of high Sonoran Desert is the right place. The Gallery Golf Course, located at Dove Mountain in Marana, is ranked # 1 in Southwest Arizona by Golf Digest and is acknowledged as one of Golfweek's Top 100 Modern Courses. The largest and most comprehensive Ritz-Carlton branded project in the continental United States is located in Marana. d ~ _ ~i:. ~~ r., . =-~- a;-~, ~ ~,' ~~`~'~;_~^ ms's , ,~~° ~. _a ° y~~ ~ -s, , F : ~ .~... -., .'' ~~? ~ •e ~ ~ ~r9 ;-~. a , ~-~°-. ~- ~ ,. ~` ~~~ • • Some resources are inherent in Marana's location, btrt Town leaders have also assertively pursued a healthy econonry. Not many years ago, they saw a possibility to annex 17 miles near the interstate highway in the Ina-Thornydale commercial district. Marana wasn't the only municipality with an eye on this coveted zone, but in spite of resistance from a strong rival, Marana prevailed, deftly seizing.an opportune moment. Thanks to this annexation, Marana now boasts a thriving and very contemporary commercial zone where the "retail-follows-rooftops" adage more than applies. Wholesale, discount, supermarket, home-improvement, sporting-goods, and a multitude of other shopping opportunities are available here. About 2.3 million square feet of new retail centers in the form of two regional malls, as well as new hotel and golf opportunities, are expected in the near future. Looking north along the east side of the volcanic Tucson Mountains is Sombrero (Safford) Peak, a local land mark. The Santa Cruz River, Juan Bautista de Anza Trail, and the track of the Mormon Battalion lie just to the east, to the right of the photo. ~ ~~ ~ ~ } ~.. ~ ~ ~~ .s °.. ~ x fix= ~ ~, t ~ s t ~'~ ~ ' ~ ~ .. tea. - . '~ ~ ~ '"'.S + i,^ t ~°,~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ' e t ,: ' j~ • L '." ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ '~ r v f. ^ ~i ::' ~, ~ # °$ mod: 4R~~~Y`_~ ~~ a:*.. .. ~ ~.:~r a '^ ~° :9rtf ~~~ m ~~~ ~. Wide Open Spaces Offer Miles of Recreation ©~ Marana knows the value of pristine, open land. Including the 300-acre Marana Heritage River Park, the Town's Parks and Recreation plan contains more than twice the national average of dedicated public land per thousand residents. Marana brims with trails, parks, and places to roam. It has six town parks (with others proposed), four neighborhood parks, and the 2,500-acre Tortolita Preserve. About 50 miles of hiking trails lie within or contiguous with town limits-including 17 miles of the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail along the Santa Cruz River and 32 miles of recreation trails in the Tortolita Preserve and in Cochie and Wild Burro Canyons in the Tortolita Mountains. Marana's Parks and Recreation Department continues to anticipate and respond to the needs of the community, offering residents ample opportunity to stay active with more than 100 programs and classes for children, adults, seniors, and those with special needs. ~.~ ~ . ~ ~ a g~~ ~ w e~ ~ .~~~'~ ~ ~ > x .ua '~' ~ ~ ~ ~"~. t "` fi ~ F~ k''~'d~ i i4 ~ ~a^`~el ~tr,•' c~7 ~~~ 4t ~ ~~z,~ '`~: ~ll° ~~ ° ~ ~ ai~ 9 ,~' ~~ t ~ ~~> ~~ ~~ , y 9F~ * w4 t ,~ ~„ ~°~ ~ ~m t' ~ ~ Y ~. ~~~ ~~ ~ 4 ~ ~. ~ '.~ r ~~•f X' kt ~, i +~ V -.~.+p~ P ~:Y~ ,. '' '3 ~~ r 7la+r. s~~.~ ~,~a a w ~~ fit, ~ .if ;. ~~ ~ t~ Y Q Y '~ ~~wrhz ~~j /f p Nn ~' ;s. •`7A .:fit .~ ~~ a~'~ r r~~ t } .~~~ ~ ' :~ 27 Q Marana High School in 1939 h f '1 al "Blue Ribbon" Education Opportunities Marana takes great pride in its Marana Unified School District (MUSD). One of Arizona's largest, it is also rated one of its highest-achieving K-12 school districts. To date, nine MUSD schools have attained state A+ recognition from the State of Arizona. Three were named "National Blue Ribbon" award winners by the U.S. Department of Education. served r e ern e agncultur MUSD has more than 13,000 students and 1,800 district northwest of Tucson. . employees on staff. The 550-square-mile Marana Unified School District contains 11 elementary schools, two middle schools, two high schools, and two alternative schools. Toward Living Long and Well Health Care Marana offers world-class healthcare for residents and visitors. Northwest Medical Center provides the Town's principal medical care, with afull-service hospital and urgent care facility. Marana Health Center also serves a variety of health care concerns. In 1957, when the Health Center opened, it served migrant farm workers almost exclusively. Now it is amulti-service healthcare clinic and community-services center with branches across southern Arizona. Marana Health Center was the first community health center in all of Arizona. It was the first, and for decades the only, provider of clinic-based primary medical-, dental-, behavioral-health, and low-cost drug services in the greater Marana area. Safety The Town's police department boasts a community-friendly ratio of roughly one officer to 400 residents, and Northwest Fire Department provides outstanding fire protection, resporiding to 85 percent of its calls within six-and-a-half minutes. Both departments are active in the community, educating residents on safety issues and raising fitnds for charities. One of the Best Small Cities In 2003, Marana was named one of America's "Best Managed Small Cities" by Pat Surnmerall Production's Champion of Industry program, a nationally broadcast television series. The same year, Marana adopted a design for the town seal. In 2005, the town dedicated its 110,000-square-foot Municipal Complex, which hosts the Town's administrative, law enforcement, and judicial offices. The National League of Cities has recognized the Marana Community Farm, citing "municipal excellence" for its partnership with the Community Food Bank. This 25-acre produce farm is a cooperative effort of the Community Food Bank Community Food Resource Center, the Town of Marana Parks and Recreation Department, and many community members. Rotation of crops and organic growing methods sustain healthy soil and provide healthy vegetables that are sold at the Food Bank's stands and farmers markets. The Food Bank also distributes the produce directly. The Farm's youth apprenticeship program pays teenagers to help and learn on the farm. This Farm partnership illustrates just one of many outstanding programs Marana offers its citizens. "BEST MANAGED SMALL CITIES" AWARDED 200` A.D. In the Marana Municipal Complex, beauty of design and construction team with state-of-the-art technology to make the practical performance of day-to-day town business efficient. i ~~I m- .~~__~~~ ~~~,~a,,,,,.~,~ .. w:. .~~`.~ m. r Marana-Where the Corridor of Progress Meets ~ ` i ~• the Heri>tiage of the American West ~ ~ ' ~` • ~ \ 4 i While Marana thrives along a bustling trade corridor, its significant tracts of protected, open, and public land shield and '' '°~ buffer the town. Here, town limits dissolve into magnificent untamed spaces that both make Marana more attractive and `' S help it to retain its distinctive rural character. - ° In Marana, you can golf where champions compete, indulge at a luxury spa, dine at a four-star restaurant, bid on a prize ~ 4` °: S steer, explore a 4,000-year-old archaeological site, hike back-country trails, or take in a world-class rodeo. Best of all, you `~ !~ ~ can do much of this in a single day. Like its earlier residents through centuries and millennia, people of Marana today make the absolute "'~ most of its unique geographic location. Marana's vantage point along the ancient trade route encouraged • its communities to observe events and trends, to experiment, evaluate, discern, and evolve. Now, with technologies advancing at lightning speed, people and goods move through here faster than ever. But watchful, thoughtful Marana holds fast to its character as a pioneering community that matures and strengthens ey adapting to rapid change. ~. Marana has been and continues to be a living repository of American Western heritage, with rural ` ` sensibilities in the midst of Arizona's dense urban centers. ~ ~ ~:~ ~ ° ~~ k 4 k lS=. ~ ~ 'r ;'ia1~ ~ ' ; i~ ,~ +;i,~ ~: ° ~ x ~ ;~#, ~ ~; -s ~ r t~~ 4 , -.,~ ~~,"'.~}}~ 4 ~ ~ pmt ~ ~SI ' ~~a~ j' ~~{3 c n 11 ~i1~~~y p(4 ,~yn~! l~ 4: E( to ~ r,z¢ r ~. ~ ~ ~'~yy~.,r:41, "tip l,il t Oi~ ~~$ r ~4 ..__ P° }:~. ~ ~,+~`~~, ~ "~ ram ~=*~~a ,;k',~ 1 i . ~ ::~~ ~'~ ,g ~ ~, - l .~ ,. a r m + z ~* ~, ~ n .. ,, ~:., ~ _~. ~ ° ~, ~ , fl, ,a _ss `" f , ~.& _„ °.e ` ! a ~r r~ ~`~ ~ ;~"`~ 12134 I ( "~~~,~, . I ._ _ w: ~,~ .e ~- ~ .;- _ . it3-7`c ~.~. ., a .~ ,.~ ,~, 4 ~" .~ .. ,.u ~ W.'~W..~ ~~ u .. ,, ~ ~, 1 ~~ S z` ~ ~ ~ ~$ ~ Y y °+ ~:$ pp~ f 7'~ ` ®. S% A Timeline of Marana's Cultural Heritage PREHISTORY PERIOD 11,000 B.C. Arrival of big game hunters. 7000 to 4000 B.C. Altithermal. 4000 B.C. Humans resettle area. 2100 B.C. Arrival of corn from Mexico. 1250 B.C. Appearance of first irrigation canals in North America; cultivation of corn, squash, beans, cotton and tobacco. 800 B.C. Appearance of bow-and-arrow. 400 B.C. Pithouses shift from round to rectangular. 550 to 850 A.D. Hohokum Culture begins. First ballcourts and village plazas appear. 1150 to 1300 Platform mounds appear as public ceremonial structures, usually in walled compounds. 1450 Hohokam Culture vanishes. TURNING POINT Late 1600s Spanish arrive from south and Apache from northeast. SPANISH PERIOD 1694 Father Kino is first known European to visit area. 1775 Juan Bautista de Anz~ Expedition passes through to found the city of San Francisco. 1810 War breaks out between Spain and Mexico. MEXICAN PERIOD 1821 Republic of Mexico founded. 1846 Mexican-American War begins; ends in 1848. 1846 Mormon Battalion passes through on way to San Diego. 1849 Some 10,000 49ers pass through on way to California. TERRITORIAL PERIOD 1854 Gadsden Purchase ratified; area becomes part of United States. 1856 American troops replace Mexican troops at Tucson Presidio. 1858 Butterfield Overland Stage Company arrives. 1860s Beginning of mining booms. 1862 Westernmost fatal battle of Civil War at Picacho Pass. 1863 Arizona Territory established. 1865 High grade copper ore mined in Silver Bell Mountains. 1878 Bojorquez Ranch established. 30 1880 Southern Pacific Railroad arrives from north. 1882 Tohono O'odham Nation established. 1886 War with Apache ends. 1887 First `Territorial' Post Office established. 1890 Name Marana first appears on Southern Pacific Railroad map 1904 Silverbell Copper Mine opens. 1907 SASCO smelter opens; closes in 1919. 1909 Construction begins on Greene Canal, Dam, and Reservoir. STATEHOOD 1912 Arizona becomes 48th state on February 14, 1912. 1917 Community called Postvale; cotton-growing industry thrives. 1919 Shift from ranching to agricultural economy; organization. that later became Cortaro Marana Irrigation District established. 1924 First Mormon settlers arrive. 1930 Chinese farming community develops. 1936 Yoem Pueblo established. 1938 Producer Cotton Gin built. 1942 Marana airfield founded; today called Pinal Air Park. 1942-1945 Prisoner-of--war `side camp' in Marana. 1940s African-Americans arriv to pick cotton; settled in Rillito in 1950s. 1948 Silver Bell Mine reopens; closes in 1984. 1949 Arizona Portland Cement Company's Twin Peaks mine opens. 1955 Migrant workers camps change to Farm workers camps. 1957 Marana Health Center opens. 1958 White Stallion Guest Ranch established. 1959 Four Titan II missile sites installed; disassembled in 1984. 1961 Historic business district known as Mercantile demolished. 1968 Congress authorizes Central Arizona Project (CAP). 1977 Town of Marana incorporated. 1979 Beginning of aggressive annexation and growth. 1996 Marana Stockyards auction house opens; Silver Bell mine reopens. 1999 First Mayor elected by residents at Town Council. 2003 Town of Marana named one of America's `Best Managed Small Cities'; design for Town Seal adopted. 2005 Municipal Complex dedicated. Today Marana is largest farming community in Middle Santa Cruz River Valley. r ~' Y ~# B A Cotton Blossoms Cazpet the Town with Charity In the 1950s, the Cotton Blossoms, agroup offarmers'wives, recognizeda need for health care in the Marana area, especially for migrant farm workers and their families. These women commandeered a tiny one-room shed zn a cotton field. Zhey got a low paid nurse and volunteer doctor to treat the overflow of waiting patients. Later, with funds raised by the Marana Community Christian Church, they built a red-brick, seven-room clinic, Arizona's first community health center. Today, the Cotton Blossom Thr~ Store, non profit affiliate of the Marana Health Center, operates as a tribute to the women who brought health care services to Marana. Baby Cradle Cemetery Still Haunts Most traces of the old Silverbell Mine have disappeared. Rock pile graves are still visible in the cemetery west of the town, known as the `baby cradle" cemetery for a metal cradle that marks the grave afan unidentifz~d infant. The only marked grave memorializes `Mary Ann O'Toole, Apr. 28, 1867- Jan. 18, 1930. " Numbered Wells Guide Maranans Home Numbered pump wells were part of an extensive irrigation system originally constructed by Edwin Post in the 1920s. Many of these nzzmbered wells still exist today in Marana. Now as then, the numbers on these wells are often used as reference points for locals to find houses and farms around the community. O Picacho Pass Civil War Battle "~w ~ , „ ~ Fissures"`; if, Picdcho Pass Stage Station ~. ~u~: L q;~~_~_p~~~~` PicachA de~dcca '~ ~' ~ - ~ °, ![iEIYRF ~. Aga f b © Greene Damp- ~, ~ ~ s ~.~ ~i'..~',~ ~ ~ „.4 ~ ~ .. ''~ A ,: -,~, m~ .. ~ _. . ~~ , ' - 1 ~ „t , _ ~ ., Rock WaterTower ,'~ ~ mas,leff6~ds Hofneatead _ r~_ - r. w q a '~ ~ .. ~ ~ ~i-° ~ a ., ©Greene Reservoir Yom. ~~ ` ~' t ;.~ t ° ' ~ " : *~.~,:~ S. ~ ® °~l ,: k~ - ..•~.. 'z a . F ,.rn b . ~ ,~ "ice '~1`~T""~J a .~, Tator Htlls a, a S, t -.`.4~4 ~, ~ ~ ~ ,Y ~( ~ a''' ~ ~^'',Y}~ "s Frssare.~ " .ca . ~ r . ~ ~yyA /., - ~3 kt. 4°^ ~~ , c -. tLcc``,, a~ l/~~y •w ~ 6enn 1,~ t` ~.j~ ,,v .a. ~~'' ~~ ~ , . t i ~ ; ~ +; ~ ~ .~. , ~ - Titan II Missrle site (SACS) , " f$y~_ a ~ t --•-,. e ~' t. Oue d ~ al Air Park ~ - ---( r~ ~~iR; l -^ a ~~ ~ - „: of ~ ':.,~~. ' .. _----_•__ _- _ } '4'"' tt ~.- ~ v Solo Peak ~ _. ~ <.. J ,, ~ ,:~:< a '---- - Py ~ ) y 3 `~.. ~` ~ ~ ~; ~". ' y/ ~ '~ ~~ ,~~, Well ., Nelson's Desert Ranch Stage Station ~ - ~~~ ~~ ~$ ,~ s Mae~tne~S~Ctyards~~ © ~ ~Marana Mound +~ ,,.?!r,,,,~~pp..s ~l -~. "j ~ ' ;. ~` ag' .~ ~ ~GernianPOWlnternrrcenfCamp, ~PrehistoricAgaveFields .~~, ~g'~~~A ~/ .~ ,r, _._~ r '4" a .„ ~' _ Fari~i P%brlteF Ho4+srn$ c producer Cotton Gin ~' '` '~'~ `` ~t% ~ , ~ , :- ~~~~, ~ ~'~ NNgre~ ~oste~ . Mercantile tG ,'~ ~'~~~ ~" ~ ~ ,~. ~ ~ ~ ~,,. I srngp ..... ~ ~ , y„_"tom 'YVbtt~ Hou .~, e ~ a Y ¢~~. '" ~' +yyQ~µ 1 ,:~ I o ueb Fi ~~orkerHousingpl x ,~. ~ ' .K:.... ~' ~" em ~ ~ ' . 's~ ~ ~~ I _ ' q. h , ~tv IB Min{n Cam 1904 ~~ ' _ ~ ~t ~~ .. °-Cemetery~ © 9 P ~/ ~~, ~ ~~ 6,~~Herita o ~, ~w~ ~„,_ : ~~ ~} `~ ~ '~„~J 'v _ _ K1 Silos ~ ~"^. ©Titan II Missile Site (SA,C-6) f ! _ i p ., y ~~, = f e.o r I t ~ ~1 ~ i H ~ tllabrtland Rf I to Cement 2faati , . , tom- ,~g , . ~ .'7+I' ~ , ~ ~{ ~~ '-"~~ ~ ~I.,,». ar ~9Ii 'Pointer Mblmtain a a ~~. '~~1 ~.° Silve MiiM ', a '... ~ ~., -" ~MaringMertlo[~ c~PueAo ~ ~otado~= ~~{~{ydelAzoYapb A~=~c'smdsie~x+s v_ (~ ~ ;»• w, ~, .-. s.,-, ,.~, .,I, e ~ 1 s1 . ~ Lmdd Vista Hill Poihfer Mount in Sta a Staton • , ~ "~ C. _ ~x-a~, ~#' :.~-~.. ur f} - _ LOS ly}orteros 9 ~~ '. ~~x }~R ~ i '~ _ i4.r~~''~r: 'a ,j~ f ''~` ~ _ _ ~`' ~F '::SANTA'~CRUZ VALLE~ .-:.. ~ _ Trtan'll Mlsslle Slte (SAC-3).~~ a S - ,, ~~.~ -- White Stallion ~ ~ ~ °~ _ ! ~ Guest Ranch s rY ,~° ~ - e ) ~'it~ It Mlssd e ( -4~_ Dai Srte ~~ ~ f , , ~ ~'/ ®yw ~ rn Pea "~i~ ~Tw ksM ,. i'~f - t N :,,, ~~ ~--- ~..:~~_ e v -l.'~.. ~.. _; h-~ a~ .," - ~4lorquez Ranch N YY r ~ . ~,. ~.b . ~ ~ _ ~ .i~ ~ ~ ~ ~~>- ~~ ~ r '~.:?• Yuma W~sll_y ^' ..-.~ F y ~~ ~ `~J. °° ~ A V R A V A Cifr Y ' ~ Picture R'g~cks ~ S ~ ~ ~ ,~ r ,~ .~. ~ ~~La6Capas x= ~. ~ ti k °»`. ~~. ~, ~~~ 3, DESERT FARMING , SPANISH AND MEXICAN FRDN7'IER NATIVE AMERICAN LIFEWAYS MARANA TOWN LIMITS ~ JUAN $AUTISTA DE ANZA NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL © (2000 B.C. ro PRESEKT) © (1G90 To ]854) ~ (] ],000 B.C. TO YRFSENT) ~ ~~E~.~~~~( © MINING BOOMS ~ U.S. - ME)CICO BORUI:R CULTURE ©RANCHING TRADITIONS PIMA COUN'T'Y BOUNDARY d,~y! JUAN BAU'I'ISTA DE ANZA AUTO ROUTE (1690 Tu I`ResEn~~) iy (]854 ro I'accrNr} (1690 To PRESENT) U.S. MILITARY POSTS ON THE MEXICAN BORI')ER i PARKS/PRESERVES CAP CANAL $UTTERFIELD STAGE LINE/MORMON BATTALION ROUTE (t 85G 111 PRESET) 32 ~~='~ ~ ~.... ~a,.~ ~ -- WASHES ..__--~_.~_~.-------~_...~..~ IS:1CK(:RO7'tiD Inf:\(:ERY U;\"I;4 tiOl: RCE: IULY 200] ' ©TOWN OF MARANA jI200$ ' TO GET A D[G[TAL VERSION OF THIS MAP, VISIT: MARANA.COM NATIVE AMERICAN LIFEWAYS (11,000 B. C. to present) Agave fields C